पाठ 8 – प्रगृह्याः

 49 दूराद्धूते च                                                                   8.2.54

अनुवृत्तिः वाक्यस्य टेः प्लुत उदात्तः, पदस्य

In calling a person from a distance, the टि (#39) of the sentence is optionally प्लुत उदात्त.

Why optionally?

                     

50   प्लुतप्रगृह्या अचि नित्यम्                               6.1.125

अनुवृत्तिः प्रकृत्या, संहितायाम्

Let प्लुत and प्रगृह्य (#51) vowels, ALWAYS remain in their original form, if अच् follows.

Examples:   आगच्छ कृष्ण 3 अत्र गौश्चरति

Note: This sutra blocks the application of अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः (6.1.101). This is because the टि of कृष्ण has been considered प्लुत by virtue of #49.

51   ईदूदेद् द्विवचनं प्रगृह्यम्               1.1.11

अनुवृत्तिः

Let a द्विवचन ending in ई, ऊ, or ए be called प्रगृह्य.

Examples:  हरी एतौ, विष्णू इमौ, गङ्गे अमू     

Note:              This is a सँज्ञासूत्र. #50 describes an operation based on this सँज्ञा.

52   अदसो मात्                           1.1.12

अनुवृत्तिः  ईदूदेद् प्रगृह्यम्

Let ई and ऊ that come after the म of अदस् be called प्रगृह्य.

Examples:  अमी ईशाः, रामकृष्णावमू आसाते. This rule caters to ई, ऊ ending बहुवचन of अदस् शब्द.

Question: Why after the म? Counter example: अमुके + अत्र = अमुकेऽत्र (How?). Here the ए of अमुके follows क (a प्रत्यय) rather than म. Therefore the ए is not प्रगृह्य.

53   चादयोऽसत्त्वे                                                  1.4.57

अनुवृत्तिः  निपाताः

This and the following rule teaches what words are to be designated as निपात. This rule states that all the words included in the चादिगण are designated as निपात, provided they do not  signify a substance (सत्त्व).

54   प्रादयः                                                            1.4.58

अनुवृत्तिः  असत्त्वे, निपाताः

Similarly, let प्रादि be निपात.  By #35, प्रादि are considered उपसर्ग when they are connected with क्रिया. It follows therefore that they are निपात only if they are not connected with क्रिया.

55   निपात एकाजनाङ्                                     1.1.14

अनुवृत्तिः  प्रगृह्यम्

Having explained what a निपात is, the rule now stipulates under what conditions a निपात may be प्रगृह्य.

A monosyllabic निपात, with the exception of आङ्, is designated प्रगृह्य and is therefore not to be combined with the following vowel.

Examples:  इ इन्द्रः, उ उमेशः.

वाक्यस्मरणयोरङित्

The निपात आ where used as an interjection in a sentence or in remembering something is not a ङित् and therefore प्रगृह्य. Thus we have, आ एवं नु मन्यसे, आ एवं किल तत्.

Under all other circumstances, the निपात आ is considered a ङित् and is therefore not exempt from सन्धि, i.e., not प्रगृह्य. Thus we have, आ + उष्णम् = ओष्णम्

56  ओत्                                                               1.1.15

अनुवृत्तिः  निपातः, प्रगृह्यम्

A निपात ending in ओ is प्रगृह्य.

Examples: अहो ईशाः, अहो अद्य, अथो अपि

57  सम्बुद्धौ शाकल्यस्येतावनार्षे                           1.1.16

अनुवृत्तिः  ओत्, प्रगृह्यम्

Let ओ in सम्बोधन when followed by the word इति in the पदपाठ, i.e., not in the Veda, be optionally प्रगृह्य.

Examples:  विष्णो इति

Also, विष्णविति,विष्ण इति (कुतः?)

Question: Why optionally?

58  मय उञो वो वा                                                          8.3.33

अनुवृत्तिः  अचि, संहितायाम्

Instead of the प्रत्यय उ, after the प्रत्याहार मय्, if अच् follows, let there be optionally व.

Examples:  किम् + उ + उक्तम्     = किम्वुक्तम्

                     Also, किमु उक्तम्

Note:     किम्वुक्तम् does not become किंवुक्तम् by virtue of #77 मोऽनुस्वारः (8.3.23) because of #31 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम् (8.2.1). This rule i.e., 8.3.33 is invisible to 8.3.23. In other words,  8.3.33 does not feed 8.3.23.

59  इकोऽसवर्णे शाकल्यस्य ह्रस्वश्च                       6.1.127

अनुवृत्तिः  अचि, प्रकृत्या, संहितायाम्

When a असवर्ण vowel follows, पदान्त इक् (इक् at the end of a पद) optionally retains its original form and the इक् also becomes ह्रस्व.

Examples:  चक्री + अत्र = चक्री अत्र = चक्रि अत्र,

          धनी + आगच्छति = धनि आगच्छति

Note:    1. Why पदान्त? Consider गौर्यौ. Refer to #60.

• 2. Why is this rule optional?

60  अचो रहाभ्यां द्वे                                         8.4.46

अनुवृत्तिः  यरो वा, संहितायाम्

After the letters र or ह following अच्, यर् is optionally reduplicated after सन्धि.

Examples:  गौरी + औ = गौर्य्यौ

Question:  Why is the reduplication optional?

न समासे

The optional rule #59 is blocked in the event of a समास (compound noun). - no shortening of the vowel occurs. So #15 (इको यणचि) is applied.

वापी + अश्वः = वाप्यश्वः. Thus सुधी + उपास्यः = सुध्युपास्यः, नदी + उदयः = नद्युदयः

61 ऋत्यकः                                              6.1.128

अनुवृत्तिः  शाकल्यस्य ह्रस्वश्च, प्रकृत्या, संहितायाम्

पदान्त अक् (word final अक्) may optionally take the short substitute as per #59 when ऋ follows.

Examples:  ब्रह्मा + ऋषिः = ब्रह्म ऋषिः,

                        ब्रह्मर्षिः (कुतः?)

Question:  Why पदान्त?  आ + ऋच्छत्  = आर्च्छत्

पाठ 7 - दीर्घसन्धि

 42 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः                         6.1.101

अनुवृत्तिः अचि, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When a अक् is followed by its सवर्ण, let the corresponding दीर्घ अच् (long vowel) be the  एकादेशः (single substitute) for both.

Examples:   दैत्य + अरिः = दैत्यारिः

            श्री + ईशः   = श्रीशः

            विष्णु + उदयः = विष्णूदयः

                     

43  एङः पदान्तादति                       6.1.109

अनुवृत्तिः पूर्वः, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When  a पदान्त एङ् (word final एङ्)  is followed by  ह्रस्व अ, let the form of the preceding vowel be the एकादेशः  (single substitute) for both.

Examples:      हरे + अव = हरेऽव

            विष्णो + अव = विष्णोऽव

            स्थले + अत्र = स्थलेऽत्र

            कृष्णो + अहम् = कृष्णोऽहम्

Note: This sutra blocks the application of एचोऽयवायावः   6.1.78

44  सर्वत्र विभाषा गोः                  6.1.122

अनुवृत्तिः प्रकृत्या, एङः अति, संहितायाम्

Everywhere i.e., both in ordinary language as well as in the Veda, the original form of the word गो, may be optionally retained before अत् , when the word गो is पदान्त in एङ् (word final एङ्).

Examples:   गो + अग्रम्   = गोअग्रम्,

   गोऽग्रम्  (कुतः?)

Question:      1. Why should the गो word (pada) end in एङ् ?

 चित्रगु + अग्रम्  = चित्रग्वग्रम् (since चित्रगु is a form of the word गो but which does not end in एङ्, it does not have the option of remaining unchanged.

                        2. Does the एङ् have to be पदान्ते  (at the end of the pada)?

Consider गोः which is formed by गो + अस्  (i.e., ङस्) . This is the primitive form of षष्ठी एकवचन and therefore not पदान्ते because it is internal to the pada. Hence no प्रकृतिभाव (original form). In other words, sandhi happens.

Note:              Observe the use of keywords in this sutra like सर्वत्र (लोके वेदे च), विभाषा (वा, विकल्पेन). विभाषा indicates optionality. प्रकृति means ‘original form’, ‘unchanged’.

45  अनेकाल्    शित् सर्वस्य                 1.1.55

अनुवृत्तिः  षष्ठी

Let a substitute consisting of more than one letter (अनेक अल्) or containing a श् as a marker (श् + इत् = शित्), take the place of the whole of the original expression.

46   ङिच्च                            1.1.53

अनुवृत्तिः  अलोऽन्त्यस्य, षष्ठी

Let a substitute containing a ङ् as a marker (ङ् + इत् = ङित्), even though it consist of more than one letter (अनेक अल्), take the place of the final letter only of the original expression.  

Note: This specifically overrides the previous sutra whereby even though the ङित् substitute may be अनेक अल्, it takes the place of the final letter of the original expression, not the whole of the original expression.

47   अवङ् स्फोटायनस्य                      6.1.123

अनुवृत्तिः गोः, विभाषा,  अचि, संहितायाम्

In the opinion of स्फोटायन, अवङ् may be the substitute of the word गो which is पदान्त in एङ् (word final एङ्), if अच् follows.

Examples: गो + अग्रम् = गवाग्रम्

Question:      1. Does the एङ् have to be पदान्ते  (at the end of the pada)?

Consider गवि which is formed by गो + इ (ङि). This is the primitive form of सप्तमी एकवचन and therefore not पदान्ते because it is internal to the pada. Hence no अवङ् substitution. In other words, sandhi happens. Which sandhi?

Note:              Observe the name of a teacher स्फोटायन which indicates that the rule is optional.

Derivation of  गवाग्रम्

1. गो + अग्रम्

2. Apply #47 to get ग् + अव + अग्रम्

a. Application of #47 blocks #22 (एचोऽयवायावः),

b. also blocks #44 (सर्वत्र विभाषा गोः)

3. Apply #42 to get गवाग्रम्

Summary:  गो + अग्रम् can result in     गवाग्रम्,

गो अग्रम् (कुतः?) ,

गोऽग्रम्  (कुतः?)

48   इन्द्रे च                          6.1.124

अनुवृत्तिः अवङ्, गोः, अचि, संहितायाम्

If the word इन्द्र follows, let अवङ् be the substitute of गो.

Examples: गो + इन्द्र = गवेन्द्र

Derivation of  गवेन्द्र

1. गो + इन्द्र
2. Apply #47 to get ग् + अव + इन्द्र
   1. Application of #47 blocks #22 (एचोऽयवायावः),
3. Apply #27 (आद् गुणः) to get गवेन्द्र

पाठ 6 – वृद्धि सन्धि

 32 वृद्धिरादैच्                                                         1.1.1

अनुवृत्तिः

Let आ, ऐ and औ be designated as वृद्धि.

33 वृद्धिरेचि                                                           6.1.88

अनुवृत्तिः आत्, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When अ is followed by एच्, let वृद्धि be the single substitute for both.

This rule blocks 27 आद्गुणः.

Examples: कृष्णैकत्वम्, गङ्गौघः, देवैश्वर्यम्,कृष्णौत्कण्ठ्यम्

How are the substitutes picked?

34      एत्येधत्यूठ्सु                                              6.1.89

अनुवृत्तिः वृद्धिरेचि,अचि,आत्, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When the verbs एति and एधति, in the forms that begin with एच्, follow अ, let वृद्धि be the single substitute for the vowels in close contact (i.e., अ and एच्).

This rule blocks rule #38 which in turn blocks rule #27.

Examples: उपैति, उपैधते, प्रष्ठौहः

Do the एति and एधति verb forms have to begin with एच्? Consider उपेतः (उप+इतः), मा भवान् प्रेदिधत् (मा भवान् प्र+इदिधत्)

The following वार्त्तिक qualify the application of this rule

अक्षदूहिन्यामुपसंख्यानम्    अक्षौहिणी सेना

प्रादूहोढोढ्येषैष्येषु    प्रौहः (प्र+ऊहः), प्रौढः (प्र+ऊढः), प्रौढिः (प्र+ऊढिः), प्रैषः (प्र+एषः), प्रैष्यः (प्र+एष्यः)

ऋते च तृतीयासमासे   सुखेन ऋतः सुखार्तः. Why तृतीया? Consider परमर्त्तः (परमश्चासौ ऋतः इति)

प्रवत्सतरकम्बलवसनार्णदशानामृणे   प्रार्णम् (प्र+ऋणम्), वत्सतरार्णम् (वत्सतर+ऋणम्) etc

35      उपसर्गाः क्रियायोगे                                     1.4.59

अनुवृत्तिः प्रादयः, असत्त्वे, निपाताः

Let प्र etc when prefixed to a verb be termed उपसर्ग.

The following are included in the designation प्र etc : प्र, परा, अप, सम्, अनु, अव्, निस्, निर्, दुस्, दुर्, वि, आङ्, नि, अधि, अपि, अति, सु, उत्, अभि, प्रति, परि, उप.

 When प्र etc are not prefixed to a verb they’re merely known as निपात.

36      भूवादयः धातवः                                            1.3.1

अनुवृत्तिः

Let the verbs भू etc be termed धातु.

37      उपसर्गादृति धातौ                                                 6.1.91

अनुवृत्तिः वृद्धि:, आत्, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, अचि, संहितायाम्

When a धातु beginning with ऋ follows an उपसर्ग ending in अ वर्ण, let वृद्धि be the single substitute for both.  

This rule blocks rule #27 and #29.

Examples: प्रार्च्छति (प्र + ऋच्छति)

38      एङि पररूपम्                                               6.1.94

अनुवृत्तिः उपसर्गात् धातौ, आत्, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When a धातु beginning with एङ् follows an उपसर्ग ending in अ वर्ण, let the form of the succeeding vowel be the single substitute for both. 

This rule blocks rule #33.  But this rule is in turn blocked by rule #34.

Examples: प्रेजते (प्र+एजते), उपोषति (उप+ओषति)

39      अचोऽन्त्यादि टि                                        1.1.64

अनुवृत्तिः

Let the final portion of a word, starting from its last vowel, be designated the टि of this word. 

Examples: अग्निचित् - इत्, सोमसुत् - उत्, मनस्- अस्, शक - अ  etc

The following वार्त्तिक should be considered in this context:

शकन्ध्वादिषु पररूपं वाच्यम्  

In the words शकन्धु etc, the form of the succeeding vowel acts as the single substitute for the टि of the preceding vowel and the succeeding vowel.

Examples: शकन्धु (शक+अन्धु), कर्कन्धु (कर्क+ अन्धु), मनीषा (मनस्+ईषा), सीमन्त: (सीमन्+अन्तः), पतञ्जलिः (पतन्+अञ्जलिः); मार्तण्डः (मृत+अण्ड with an अण् प्रत्यय resulting in मार्तण्डः.

40 ओमाङोश्च                                                         6.1.95

अनुवृत्तिः पररूपम्, आत्, एकः पूर्वपरयोः, संहितायाम्

When the syllable ॐ or the उपसर्ग आङ्, follows अ or its सवर्ण, let the form of the subsequent vowel be the single substitute for both of them.  

Examples: शिवायोंनमः, शिवेहि

                                                                                                                                

How is शिवेहि derived?

41 अन्तादिवच्च                                                   6.1.85

अनुवृत्तिः एकः पूर्वपरयोः

Let a single substitute, realized within the scope of the अधिकार एकः पूर्वपरयोः, be treated as the end of the first term (पूर्वस्य अन्तवत्) or the beginning of the second term (परस्य आदिवत्), as required.

This is an अतिदेश rule.  

Examples:  शिवेहि, कृष्णेहि, अवेहि

शिवेहि is derived as follows:

The first पद शिव ends in अवर्ण (here अ). But please note that the latter एहि does not start with आङ् (i.e. the prefix आ) nor does it start withॐ. So the rule ओमाङोश्च cannot be directly applied to give the result शिवेहि.

But एहि itself is obtained from the सन्धि of आ + इहि where the ए is nothing but गुण एकादेश of आ and इ. From the rule अन्तादिवच्च this गुण एकादेश ‘ए’ is to be treated as if it were ending in (i.e. अन्तवत्) आ or starting with (आदिवत्) इ. Now the first part in आ + इहि, the आ is a single वर्ण. So we can invoke  आद्यन्तवदेकस्मिन्  (1.1.21) and can as well say it is starting with आ.

Thus the गुण एकादेश ‘ए’ in एहि is to be treated as if it were starting with the prefix आ (i.e. आङ्), so the rule ओमाङोश्च may now be invoked to get the result शिवेहि.

Notes:

The rule अन्तादिवच्च teaches that the context of the rule ओमाङोश्च can be extended to the एकादेश ए of एहि.

The learner must bear in mind that in शिव + आ+ इहि, दीर्घ सन्धि does not apply as the verb formation of आ+ इहि, as an internal operation (अन्तरङ्ग), has precedence over the external operation of सन्धि (बहिरङ्ग). Here two परिभाषा come into play:

1. असिद्धं बहिरङ्गमन्तरङ्गे

2. धातूपसर्गयोः कार्यमन्तरङ्गम्

पाठ 4 – यण् सन्धि

 15 इको यणचि                                 6.1.77

अनुवृत्तिः संहितायाम्

Let a इक् be substituted by यण् when अच् follows.

Here इक् is a standalone term and in षष्ठी. This means that इक् is to be understood as something to be replaced. That is, इकः stands for इकः स्थाने. This is per the rule षष्ठी स्थानेयोगा 1.1.49 which is interpreted as अनियतयोगा षष्ठी स्थानेयोगा मन्तव्या. That is, a षष्ठी not otherwise qualified (i.e., not connnected with any other term) should be considered to be connected with स्थाने i.e., a substitution operation. Such a term is called a स्थानिन्, or that which is to be substituted.

Here अच् is in सप्तमी. In the अष्टाध्यायी when an operation is laid down by using a word in सप्तमी, that operation is to be performed in connection with what comes immediately before the word in सप्तमी. Thus अचि means ‘when followed by अच्’ or ‘when अच् follows’.

The term संहितायाम् which is inherited by अनुवृत्ति shows that this substitution (by यण्) takes place when संहिता (combination or सन्धि) is to be effected.  It may be remembered that संहिता is obligatory under certain circumstances only. Otherwise it depends on the intention of the speaker. This has been concisely put in the following couplet:

संहितैकपदे नित्या नित्या धातूपसर्गयोः ।

नित्या समासे वाक्ये तु सा विवक्षाम् अपेक्षते ॥

Examples:      ‘सुधी उपास्य’ इति स्थिते

इति स्थिते is the phrase used to state the position arrived at when some further remark is to be made in that connection. Right now, the position is ‘सुधी उपास्य’ and we have to apply the rule discussed so far. Before actual application however, it would be useful to be acquainted with a technical rule (परिभाषा सूत्र) laid down in the grammar which one has to observe in all such cases. It pertains to the exact signification of having a term in सप्तमी. This is what is done in the next rule.

                                             

16  तस्मिन्निति निर्दिष्टे पूर्वस्य                       1.1.66

अनुवृत्तिः

When a term is exhibited in the सप्तमी the operation directed is understood to affect the term that immediately precedes the term in सप्तमी.

In the present example, the term in सप्तमी is अच्. In the example, ‘सुधी उपास्यः’, the उ of उपास्य is the vowel which that term denotes. And that which is to be affected is the final ई (इक्) of सुधी, as that immediately precedes the उ. By rule 15, यण् is to be substituted for the इक्. But यण् stands for the four letters य्,व्,र्,ल्. Therefore the question arises - which one of these four is to be the substitute?

The next rule supplies the answer.

17     स्थानेऽन्तरतमः                                       1.1.50

अनुवृत्तिः स्थाने

When a common term is enjoined a substitute, let the most similar (to the one that is being substituted) be the actual substitute.

It is now clear that यण् is to be substituted in the place of इक्. For the example under consideration, this substitution is to occur in the place of ई (in सुधी), which is followed by उ. Now this rule lays down the substitution of यण् (य्,व्,र्,ल्) for इक् (इ,उ,ऋ.लृ). But which यण् is to be substituted for which इक्?

The answer to the question is that the substitute will always be अन्तरतम (=सदृशतम) to the स्थानिन् (that which is to be replaced). In the case under consideration, ई will be substituted by य्, since they are अन्तरतम to each other, as can be clearly seen from the table of letters showing their स्थान and प्रयत्न.

Thus we get सुध् य् उपास्यः -> सुध्युपास्य

18     अनचि च                                              8.4.47

अनुवृत्तिः अचो द्वे      यरो वा          संहितायाम्

यर् may be optionally doubled after अच् , but not if अच् follows.

In सुध्युपास्य, the ध is यर् (all consonants except ह) and it follows उ (अच्), and it is not followed by any अच्, being followed by य. Therefore we make the optional doubling to get सुध्ध्युपास्य). This invokes another operation.

19     झलाम्        जश् झशि                                     8.4.53

अनुवृत्तिः                संहितायाम्

Instead of the letters झल्, there shall be जश् if झश् follow, in close contact.

Thus instead of the first ध् (झल्) of सुध्ध्युपास्य, since ध् (झश्) follows it, there must be जश्, that is, ज्,ब्,ग्,ड्,द्. Of those the अन्तरतम (to ध्) is द्. So we get सुद्ध्युपास्य. The process might terminate here, if another rule had not started an objection.

20     संयोगान्तस्य लोपः                                  8.2.23

अनुवृत्तिः                पदस्य

There is deletion of the पद which ends in a conjunct consonant (संयोग).

In सुद्ध्युपास्य, the पद सुद्ध्य् ends with a conjunct consonant (संयोग). So according to this rule, the whole पद ought to disappear. The rule is however limited by the qualification that follows.

21     अलोऽन्त्यस्य                                         1.1.52

अनुवृत्तिः                षष्ठी

Let the substitute take the place of only the final letter of that which is mentioned in षष्ठी.

It has already been seen above that a substitute is laid down with reference to a base by putting it in षष्ठी (स्थानेयोगा षष्ठी).  Now we are told that it is not the whole base (having the षष्ठी ending) that is substituted. Only the final अल् (वर्ण) of such a base (स्थानिन्) takes the substitute. This, however, is the general rule and we have to remember that there are cases where the whole स्थानिन् is substituted and not merely its final अल्. For this see 45 अनेकाल् शित् सर्वस्य 1.1.55.

Accordingly now, the final य् of सुद्ध्य् will have to be dropped.

However here कात्यायन gives a वार्त्तिक,  यण: प्रतिषेधो वाच्यः i.e., the prohibition of the rule (#20) in the case of   यण् should be stated.

So the deletion of the final य् of सुद्ध्य् does not take place and the formation of the word सुद्ध्युपास्य is completed.

Thus the final forms we get are सुद्ध्युपास्य and सुध्युपास्य bearing in mind that the doubling in rule 18 is optional.